1989

1989 in other calendars
Gregorian calendar	1989; MCMLXXXIX
Ab urbe condita	2742
Armenian calendar	1438; ԹՎ ՌՆԼԸ
Assyrian calendar	6739
Bahá'í calendar	145–146
Bengali calendar	1396
Berber calendar	2939
British Regnal year	37 Eliz. 2 – 38 Eliz. 2
Buddhist calendar	2533
Burmese calendar	1351
Byzantine calendar	7497–7498
Chinese calendar	戊辰年十一月廿四日; (4625/4685-11-24) — to — 己巳年十二月初四日; (4626/4686-12-4)
Coptic calendar	1705–1706
Ethiopian calendar	1981–1982
Hebrew calendar	5749–5750
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	2045–2046
- Shaka Samvat	1911–1912
- Kali Yuga	5090–5091
Holocene calendar	11989
Iranian calendar	1367–1368
Islamic calendar	1409–1410
Japanese calendar	Shōwa 64Heisei 1; (平成元年)
Korean calendar	4322
Minguo calendar	ROC 78; 民國78年
Thai solar calendar	2532
Unix time	599616000–631151999
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	Subject
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	By country
	Australia – Canada – People's Republic of China – Ecuador – France – Germany – Greece – India – Ireland – Israel – Italy – Japan – Luxembourg – Malaysia – Mexico – New Zealand – Norway – Pakistan – Philippines – Singapore – South Africa– Soviet Union – UK – USA – Zimbabwe
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	Births – Deaths
	Establishments and disestablishments categories
	Establishments – Disestablishments
	Works and introductions categories
	Works – Introductions
	v; d; e;

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	19th century – 20th century – 21st century
Decades:	1950s 1960s 1970s – 1980s – 1990s 2000s 2010s
Years:	1986 1987 1988 – 1989 – 1990 1991 1992

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This article is about the year 1989.

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1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday. It was also the 1989th year of Anno Domini/Common Era, the 990th year of the 2nd millennium, the 90th year of the 20th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1980s. It was a historical turning point for the wave of revolutions that swept the Eastern Bloc, starting in Poland. Collectively known as the Revolutions of 1989, they heralded the dissolution of the Soviet Union two years later and the beginning of the post–Cold War period which is characterized by the dominance of the United States in world affairs.

[edit] Events

[edit] January

41st U.S. President George H. W. Bush

January 4 – Gulf of Sidra incident (1989): Two Libyan MiG-23 "Floggers" are engaged and shot down by 2 US Navy F-14 Tomcats.
January 7 – Hirohito (posthumous name: Emperor Shōwa) died.
January 8 – Kegworth Air Disaster: A British Midland Boeing 737 crashes on approach to East Midlands Airport, leaving 47 dead.
January 17 – Stockton massacre: Patrick Edward Purdy kills 5 children, wounds 30 and then shoots himself in Stockton, California.
January 18 – The Polish United Workers Party votes to legalize Solidarity.
January 20 – George H. W. Bush succeeds Ronald Reagan as the 41st President of the United States of America.
January 24 – Serial killer Ted Bundy is executed in Florida's electric chair.
January 29 – Thomas and Friends television show begins in U.S.

[edit] February

February 1 – Joan Kirner becomes Victoria's first female Deputy Premier, after the resignation of Robert Fordham over the VEDC (Victorian Economic Development Co-operation) Crisis.
February 2
- Soviet war in Afghanistan: The last Soviet Union armored column leaves Kabul, ending 9 years of military occupation.
- Satellite television service Sky Television plc is launched in Europe.
February 3
- A military coup overthrows Alfredo Stroessner, dictator of Paraguay since 1954.
- After a stroke, Pieter Willem Botha resigns his party's leadership and the presidency of South Africa.
February 7 – The Los Angeles, California City Council bans the sale or possession of semiautomatic firearms.
February 10 – Ron Brown is elected chairman of the Democratic National Committee, becoming the first African American to lead a major United States political party.
February 11 – Barbara Clementine Harris is consecrated as the first female bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America.
February 14
- Union Carbide agrees to pay USD $470 million to the Indian government for damages it caused in the 1984 Bhopal Disaster.
- Iranian leader Ruhollah Khomeini encourages Muslims to kill The Satanic Verses author Salman Rushdie.
- The first of 24 Global Positioning System satellites is placed into orbit.
February 15 – Soviet war in Afghanistan: The Soviet Union announces that all of its troops have left Afghanistan.
February 16 – Pan Am flight 103: Investigators announce that the cause of the crash was a bomb hidden inside a radio-cassette player.
February 17 – Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) formed.
February 23 – After protracted testimony, the U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee rejects, 11–9, President Bush's nomination of John Tower for Secretary of Defense.
February 24
- Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini places a US $3-million bounty on the head of The Satanic Verses author Salman Rushdie.
- After 44 years, Estonian flag is raised to the Pikk Hermann Castle tower.
February 27 – Venezuela is rocked by the Caracazo, a wave of protests and looting.

[edit] March

March 1
- The Berne Convention, an international treaty on copyrights, is ratified by the United States.
- A curfew is imposed in Kosovo, where protests continue over the alleged intimidation of the Serb minority.
- Louis Wade Sullivan and James D. Watkins start terms of office as U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services and U.S. Secretary of Energy respectively.
- The Politieke Partij Radicalen, Pacifistisch Socialistische Partij, Communistische Partij Nederland and the Evangelical People's Party amalgamate to form Netherlands political party GroenLinks (GL, GreenLeft).
March 2 – Twelve European Community nations agree to ban the production of all chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) by the end of the century.
March 3
- Jammu Siltavuori abducts and murders two 8-year-old girls in the Myllypuro suburb of Helsinki, Finland.
- Portugal wins the FIFA U-20 World Cup, defeating Nigeria on the final by 2–0 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
March 4
- Time, Inc. and Warner Communications announce plans for a merger, forming Time Warner.
- The Purley Station rail crash in London leaves 5 dead and 94 injured.
- The first ACT (Australian Capital Territory) elections are held.
March 7 – Iran breaks off diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom over Salman Rushdie's The Satanic Verses.
March 9 – A strike forces financially troubled Eastern Air Lines into bankruptcy.
March 13 – A geomagnetic storm causes the collapse of the Hydro-Québec power grid. Six million people are left without power for 9 hours. Some areas in the northeastern U.S. and in Sweden also lose power, and aurorae are seen as far as Texas.
March 14
- Gun control: U.S. President George H. W. Bush bans the importation of certain guns deemed assault weapons into the United States.
- Christian General Michel Aoun declares a 'War of Liberation' to rid Lebanon of Syrian forces and their allies.
March 17 – The Civic Tower of Pavia, built in the 14th century, crumbles down.
March 20 – Australian Prime Minister Bob Hawke weeps on national television as he admits marital infidelity.
March 22
- Clint Malarchuk of the NHL Buffalo Sabres suffers an almost fatal injury when another player accidentally slits his throat.
- Asteroid 4581 Asclepius approaches the Earth at a distance of 700,000 kilometers.
March 23 – Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann announce that they have achieved cold fusion at the University of Utah.

The Exxon Valdez

March 24 – Exxon Valdez oil spill: In Alaska's Prince William Sound the Exxon Valdez spills 240,000 barrels (38,000 m³) of oil after running aground.
March 27 – The first contested elections for the Soviet parliament result in losses for the Communist Party.
March 29 – The 61st Academy Awards are held at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, California, with Rain Man winning Best Picture.

[edit] April

April 1 – Margaret Thatcher's new local government tax, the Poll tax, is introduced in Scotland.
April 4 – In Brussels, Belgium, NATO celebrates its 40th anniversary.
April 6 – National Safety Council of Australia chief executive John Friedrich is arrested after defrauding investors to the tune of $235 million.
April 7 – The Soviet submarine K-278 Komsomolets sinks in the Barents Sea, killing 41.
April 9 – Georgian demonstrators are massacred by Red Army soldiers in Tbilisi's central square during a peaceful rally; 20 citizens are killed, many injured.
April 14 – The U.S. government seizes the Irvine, CA Lincoln Savings and Loan Association; Charles Keating (for whom the Keating Five were named – John McCain among them) eventually goes to jail, as part of the massive 1980s Savings and Loan Crisis which costs U.S. taxpayers nearly $200 billion in bailouts, and many people their life savings.^[1]
April 15 – The Hillsborough disaster, one of the biggest tragedies in European football, claims the life of 96 Liverpool supporters.
April 17 – Poland, Solidarity was again legalized and allowed to participate in semi-free elections on June 4.
April 19
- Trisha Meili is attacked while jogging in New York City's Central Park; as her identity remains secret for years, she becomes known as the "Central Park Jogger."
- A gun turret explodes on the U.S. battleship Iowa, killing 47 crew members.
April 20 – NATO debates modernising short range missiles; although the U.S. and U.K. are in favour, West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl obtains a concession deferring a decision.
April 21 – Students from Beijing, Shanghai, Xian, and Nanjing begin protesting in Tiananmen Square.
April 25
- The term of Baginda Almutawakkil Alallah Sultan Iskandar Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail as the 8th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia ends.
- Motorola introduces the Motorola MicroTAC Personal Cellular Telephone, then the world's smallest mobile phone.
April 26 – Sultan Azlan Muhibbudin Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Yusuff Izzudin Shah Ghafarullahu-lahu, Sultan of Perak, becomes the 9th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.

[edit] May

May 1 – Disney-MGM Studios at Walt Disney World opens to the public for the first time.
May 2 – The first crack in the Iron Curtain: Hungary dismantles 150 miles (240 km) of barbed wire fencing along the border with Austria.
May 6 – Yugoslavia wins the Eurovision Song Contest in Lausanne with the song Rock me performed by Riva.
May 9 – Andrew Peacock deposes John Howard as Federal Opposition Leader of Australia.
May 11 – The ACT (Australian Capital Territory) Legislative Assembly meets for the first time.
May 14 – Mikhail Gorbachev visits China, the first Soviet leader to do so since the 1960s.
May 15 – Australia's first private tertiary institution, Bond University, opens on the Gold Coast.
May 19 – Tiananmen Square protests of 1989: Zhao Ziyang meets the demonstrators in Tiananmen Square.
May 20 – Tiananmen Square protests of 1989: The Chinese government declares martial law in Beijing.
May 22 – The Nordland Days in Leningrad region (Leningrad oblast) open.
May 30
- Tiananmen Square protests of 1989: The 10 m (33 ft) high Goddess of Democracy statue is unveiled in Tiananmen Square by student demonstrators.
- An attempted assassination of Miguel Maza Marquez, director of the Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad (DAS) in Bogotá, Colombia is committed by members of the Medellín Cartel, who kill 4 and injure 37.

[edit] June

June 3
- The SkyDome (now known as Rogers Centre) is opened in Toronto.
- The Ayatollah Khomeini dies in Iran.
June 4
- The Tiananmen Square massacre takes place in Beijing on the army's approach to the square, and the final stand-off in the square is covered live on television.
- Solidarity's victory in Polish elections is the first of many anti-communist revolutions in Central and Eastern Europe in 1989.
- Ufa train disaster: A natural gas explosion near Ufa, Russia kills 645 as 2 trains passing each other throw sparks near a leaky pipeline.
June 7 – Surinam Airways Flight PY764 crashes, killing 176.
June 12 – The Corcoran Gallery of Art removes Robert Mapplethorpe's gay photography exhibition.
June 13 – The wreck of the German battleship Bismarck, which was sunk in 1941, is located 600 miles (970 km) west of Brest, France.
June 16 – A crowd of 250,000 gathers at Heroes Square in Budapest for the historic reburial of Imre Nagy, the former Hungarian prime minister who had been executed in 1958.
June 21 – British police arrest 250 people for celebrating the summer solstice at Stonehenge.
June 22 – Ireland's first universities established since independence in 1922, Dublin City University and the University of Limerick, open.

[edit] July

July 2 – Andreas Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece resigns; a new government is formed under Tzannis Tzannetakis.
July 5 – The television show Seinfeld premieres.
July 9–July 12 – U.S. President George H. W. Bush travels to Poland and Hungary, pushing for U.S. economic aid and investment.
July 14 – France celebrates the 200th anniversary of the French Revolution.
July 14–July 16 – At the annual G-7 Summit, leaders call for restrictions on gas emissions.
July 18 – Actress Rebecca Schaeffer is murdered by an obsessed fan, leading to stricter stalking laws in California.
July 19 – United Airlines Flight 232 (Douglas DC-10) crashes in Sioux City, Iowa, killing 112; 184 on board survive.
July 20 – Burmese opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi is placed under house arrest.
July 26 – A federal grand jury indicts Cornell University student Robert Tappan Morris, Jr. for releasing a computer virus, making him the first person to be prosecuted under the 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act.
July 31 – Nintendo releases the Game Boy portable video game system in North America.

[edit] August

August 7
- U.S. Congressman Mickey Leland (D-TX) and 15 others die in a plane crash in Ethiopia.
- Federal Express purchases Flying Tiger Line for approximately 800 million U.S. dollars.
August 8 – STS-28: Space Shuttle Columbia takes off on a secret 5-day military mission.
August 9 – The asteroid 4769 Castalia is the first asteroid directly imaged by radar from Arecibo.
August 13 – A hot air balloon accident near Alice Springs, Australia kills 13.
August 14 – The Sega Genesis is released in North America.
August 15 – F. W. de Klerk becomes the seventh and last State President of apartheid South Africa.
August 16–August 17 – Woodstock '89 festival.
August 18 – Leading presidential hopeful Luis Carlos Galán is assassinated near Bogotá in Colombia.
August 19
- Polish president Wojciech Jaruzelski nominates Solidarity activist Tadeusz Mazowiecki to be Prime Minister, the first non-communist in power in 42 years.
- The Pan-European Picnic, a peace demonstration held on the Austrian-Hungarian border.
August 20
- In Beverly Hills, California, Lyle and Erik Menendez shoot their wealthy parents to death in the family's den.
- Fifty-one people die when the Marchioness pleasure boat collides with a barge on the River Thames adjacent to Southwark Bridge.

August 25: Voyager 2 at Neptune.

August 23
- Two million indigenous people of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, then still occupied by the Soviet Union, join hands to demand freedom and independence, forming an uninterrupted 600 km human chain called the Baltic Way.
- Hungary removes border restrictions with Austria.
- All of Australia's 1,645 domestic airline pilots resign over an airline's move to sack and sue them over a dispute.
August 23 – Yusef Hawkins is shot in the Bensonhurst section of Brooklyn, New York, sparking racial tensions between African Americans and Italian Americans.
August 24
- Record-setting baseball player Pete Rose agrees to a lifetime ban from the sport following allegations of illegal gambling, thereby preventing his induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame.
- Indonesia's first privately owned television station, Rajawali Citra Televisi Indonesia, (RCTI) begins broadcasting.
August 25 – Voyager 2 passes the planet Neptune and its moon Triton.

[edit] September

September 5 – U.S. President George H. W. Bush holds up a bag of cocaine purchased across the street at Lafayette Park, in his first televised speech to the nation.
September 6
- South African general election, 1989: the last held under apartheid returns the National Party to power with a much-reduced majority.
- England holds Sweden to a 0–0 draw in Sweden, qualifying for the 1990 FIFA World Cup. The game becomes famous after Terry Butcher sustains a deep cut to his forehead early in the game. He receives stitches but plays on the entire game. By the end of the game, the front of Butcher's white shirt and shorts are almost entirely covered in blood.
September 10 – The Hungarian government opens the country's western borders to refugees from the German Democratic Republic.
September 14 – An agreement of cooperation between Leningrad oblast (Russia) and Nordland County (Norway) is signed in Leningrad, by chairmen Lev Kojkolainen and Sigbjørn Eriksen.
September 20 – F. W. de Klerk is sworn in as the seventh and last State President of apartheid South Africa.
September 21 – Hurricane Hugo makes landfall in South Carolina, causing $7 billion in damage.
September 22 – 1989 Deal barracks bombing: An IRA bomb explodes at the Royal Marine School of Music in Deal, Kent, United Kingdom, leaving 11 dead and 22 injured.

[edit] October

October 23: Phillips Disaster

October 9
- An official news agency in the Soviet Union reports the landing of a UFO in Voronezh.
- In Leipzig, East Germany, protesters demand the legalization of opposition groups and democratic reforms.
October 13 – Friday the 13th mini-crash: The Dow Jones Industrial Average plunges 190.58 points, or 6.91 percent, to close at 2,569.26, most likely after the junk bond market collapses.
October 17 – The Loma Prieta earthquake, measuring 7.1 on the Richter scale, strikes the San Francisco–Oakland region of Northern California, killing 67 people and delaying the 1989 World Series for ten days
October 18 – The Communist leader of East Germany, Erich Honecker, is forced to step down as leader of the country after a series of health problems.
October 19
- The Guildford Four are freed after 14 years.
- The Wonders of Life pavilion opens at Epcot in Walt Disney World, Florida.
October 21 – The Heads of Government of the Commonwealth of Nations issue the Langkawi Declaration on the Environment, making environmental sustainability one of the Commonwealth's main priorities.
October 23
- The Hungarian Republic is officially declared by president Mátyás Szűrös (replacing the Hungarian People's Republic).
- The Phillips Disaster in Pasadena, Texas kills 23 and injures 314 others.
October 31 – The Grand National Assembly of Turkey elects Prime Minister Turgut Özal as the eighth President of Turkey.

[edit] November

Germans standing on top of the Berlin Wall

November 2 – North Dakota and South Dakota celebrate their 100th Birthdays.
November 4 – Typhoon Gay devastates Thailand's Chumphon Province.
November 6 – Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) founded.
November 7
- Douglas Wilder wins the Virginia governor's race, becoming the first elected African American governor in the United States.
- David Dinkins becomes the first African American mayor of New York City.
- Cold War: The Communist government of East Germany resigns, although SED leader Egon Krenz remains head of state.
November 9
- Yıldırım Akbulut, of ANAP forms the new government of Turkey (47th government)
- Cold War: Günter Schabowski accidentally states in live broadcast press conference that new rules for traveling from East Germany to West Germany will be put in effect "immediately". East Germany opens checkpoints in the Berlin Wall, allowing its citizens to travel freely to West Germany for the first time in decades (November 17 celebrates Germans began tearing the wall down).
November 10
- After 45 years of Communist rule in Bulgaria, Bulgarian Communist Party leader Todor Zhivkov is replaced by Foreign Minister Petar Mladenov, who changes the party's name to the Bulgarian Socialist Party.
- Gaby Kennard becomes the first Australian woman to fly non-stop around the world.
- CKO (a Canadian national all-news radio network) suddenly terminates all broadcasting during the newscast at noon (Eastern time), due to financial losses (the station began broadcasting on July 1, 1977).
November 11 – Louie Espinoza inaugurated as WBO World Featherweight Champion.
November 12 – Brazil holds its first free presidential election since 1960. This marks the first time that all Ibero-American nations, excepting Cuba, have elected constitutional governments simultaneously.
November 16
- Six Jesuit priests—among them Ignacio Ellacuría, Segundo Montes, and Ignacio Martín-Baró—their housekeeper, and her teenage daughter, are murdered by U.S. trained Salvadoran soldiers. For mor information see Murdered scholars of UCA
- South African President F.W. de Klerk announces the scrapping of the Separate Amenities Act.
- UNESCO adopts the Seville Statement on Violence at the 25th session of its General Conference.
November 17 – Cold War – Velvet Revolution: A peaceful student demonstration in Prague, Czechoslovakia is severely beaten back by riot police. This sparks a revolution aimed at overthrowing the Communist government (it succeeds on December 29).
November 20 – Cold War – Velvet Revolution: The number of peaceful protesters assembled in Prague, Czechoslovakia swells from 200,000 the day before to an estimated half-million.
November 22 – In West Beirut, a bomb explodes near the motorcade of Lebanese President Rene Moawad and kills him.
November 28 – Cold War – Velvet Revolution: The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia announces they will give up their monopoly on political power (elections held in December bring the first non-communist government to Czechoslovakia in more than 40 years).
November 30 – Deutsche Bank board member Alfred Herrhausen is killed by a bomb (the Red Army Faction claims responsibility for the murder).

[edit] December

December 1
- Cold War: East Germany's parliament abolishes the constitutional provision granting the Communist-dominated SED its monopoly on power. Egon Krenz, the Politburo and the Central Committee resign 2 days later.
- A military coup attempt begins in the Philippines against the government of Philippine President Corazon C. Aquino, ending by December 9.
December 3 – Cold War: In a meeting off the coast of Malta, U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev release statements indicating that the Cold War between their nations may be coming to an end.
December 6 – École Polytechnique Massacre (or Montreal Massacre): Marc Lépine, an anti-feminist gunman, murders 14 young women at the École Polytechnique in Montreal.
December 10 – Tsakhiagiyn Elbegdorj announces the establishment of Mongolia's democratic movement, that peacefully changes the second oldest communist country into a democratic society.
December 14 – Chile holds its first free election in 16 years.
December 15 – Drug baron José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha is killed by Colombian police.
December 17
- The Romanian Revolution begins in Timişoara when rioters break into the Committee Building and cause extensive vandalism. Their attempts to set the buildings on fire are foiled by military units.
- Brazil holds the second round of its first free election in 29 years; Fernando Collor de Mello wins.
- The first full-length episode of The Simpsons, "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire", is shown on Fox.
December 19 – Workers in Romanian cities go on strike in protest against the communist regime.
December 20 – Operation Just Cause is launched in an attempt to overthrow Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega.

the Barrio El Chorrillo in fire, the morning of the USA invasion to Panama
December 21 – Nicolae Ceausescu addresses an assembly of some 110,000 people outside the Romanian Communist Party HQ in Bucharest. The crowd begin to protest against Ceausescu and he orders in the army to attack the protesters.
December 22
- After a week of bloody demonstrations, Ion Iliescu takes over as president of Romania, ending the communist dictatorship of Nicolae Ceauşescu, who flees his palace in a helicopter to escape inevitable execution after the palace was invaded by rioters. The Romanian troops, who the day before had followed Ceausescu's orders to attack the demonstrators, change sides and join the uprising.
- Two tourist coaches collide on the Pacific highway north of Kempsey, Australia, killing 35.
December 23 – Nicolae and Elena Ceauşescu are captured in Târgoviște.
December 25
- Romanian leader Nicolae Ceauşescu and his wife Elena are executed by military troops after being found guilty of crimes against humanity.
- Bank of Japan governors announce a major interest rate hike, eventually leading to the peak and fall of the bubble economy.
December 28 – A magnitude 5.6 earthquake hits Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, killing 13 people.
December 29
- Václav Havel is elected president of Czechoslovakia.
- Riots break out after Hong Kong decides to forcibly repatriate Vietnamese refugees.
- Nikkei 225 for Tokyo Stock Exchange hits its all-time intra-day high of 38,957.44 and closing high at 38,915.87.

[edit] Date unknown

Alan Bond's Bond Corporation goes into receivership with the largest debt in Australian history.
Homosexual acts between consenting adults are decriminalized in Western Australia.
Kamchatka opens to Russian civilian visitors.
The Alize propeller-driven anti-submarine planes are retired from active carrier service in the French Navy.
The first national park in the Netherlands is established in Schiermonnikoog.
Ebenezer Floppen Slopper's Wonderful Water slides in Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois closes down after an incident on one of the slides.
Soviet submarine K-173 (Chelyabinsk) is commissioned.
The wreck of the Lady Elgin is discovered off Highland Park, Illinois by Harry Zych.
Richard C. Duncan introduces the Olduvai theory, about the collapse of the Industrial Civilization.
The NIOS board is established by the Ministry of Human Resource Development of the Government of India.
The Museum of Jurassic Technology is founded in Culver City, California by David and Diana Wilson.
The last Golden Toad is seen, the species is now classified extinct.
The Japan Fantasy Novel Award is established.
The global concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere reaches 350 ppm (parts per million) by volume.