Gertrude Pridgett has been called the Mother of
the Blues. She is known by most as
simply Ma Rainey. Although her actual
birthdate has been questioned, it has been assumed that she was born in April
of 1886. She was born in Georgia.
She was the second of
five children of Thomas and Ella Pridgett, from Alabama.
She had at least two brothers and a sister named Malissa. She came onto the performance scene at a
talent show in Columbus, Georgia when she was 12–14 years old.
A member of the First African
Baptist Church, she began performing in show tents. It was around
1902 when she was first exposed to blues music after hearing a girl sing in a
tent in Missouri. She was so captivated by the performance that
she began to incorporate it into her performances.
Pridgett met a
singer, dancer and comedian named William "Pa" Rainey and they
married February 2, 1904, when she was 18. From then, she performed as
"Madame Gertrude Rainey", and later, "Ma Rainey".They sang
and danced together in Black minstrel shows,
and for several years toured with F.S. Wolcott's Rabbit Foot Minstrels. From 1914, the
Raineys were billed as Rainey and Rainey, Assassinators of the Blues. During
the winters she lived in New Orleans where she met many blues musicians including Joe "King" Oliver, Louis Armstrong,
Sidney Bechet
and Pops Foster.
As Blues music increased in popularity and Ma Rainey would become very well
known
From the time of her
first recording in 1923 to five years later, Ma Rainey made over 100
recordings. Some of them include, Bo-weevil Blues (1923), Moonshine Blues
(1923), See See Rider (1924), Black Bottom (1927), and Soon
This Morning (1927).
She was known for her
very powerful vocal abilities, energetic disposition, majestic phrasing, and a
‘moaning’ style of singing similar to that of folk tradition. Though her
powerful voice and disposition are not captured on her recordings, the other
characteristics are present, and most evident on her early recordings, Bo-weevil
Blues and Moonshine Blues. Ma Rainey also recorded with Louis
Armstrong in addition to touring and recording with the Georgia Jazz Band. Ma
Rainey continued to tour until 1935 when she retired to her hometown.
Around this time,
Rainey met Bessie Smith, a young blues singer who was also making a name
for herself. This was during the height
of the Harlem Renaissance. Though
rarely identified as homosexual, same sex relationships were fluid during this
time. Men and women were expected to marry. But in their circle, performers
such as Bessie Smith " The Empress of the Blues", Ma Rainey "
The Mother of the Blues", Alberta Hunter, Jackie "Mom" Mabley,
Josephine Baker and Ethel Waters all cultivated a lesbian or bisexual image.
For female jazz and blues singers, being attracted to other women was chic.
According to the book, Making Gay History by Eric Marcus, Ma Rainey several
times was in trouble with the police for her lesbian behavior. In 1925, she was
arrested for taking part in an orgy at home involving women in her chorus.
Bessie Smith bailed her out of jail. Ma Rainey's album "Prove to Me
Blues," a monologue about women who love women, showed reference of a
women in appearance to Rainey, in hat, tie and jacket talking to a flapper. In
the distance a policeman observes. The copy reads "What's all this?
Scandal? To look at the words, the song goes: "Went out last night a crowd
of my friends. They must 've been women, cause I don't like no men... They say
I do it, ain't nobody caught me, They sure got to prove it to me..."
Towards the end of
the 1920s, live vaudeville went into decline, being replaced by radio and
recordings. Rainey's career was not immediately affected. She continued
recording with Paramount and earned enough money touring to buy a bus with her
name on. In 1928, she worked with Dorsey again and recording 20 songs, before
Paramount finished her contract. Her style of blues was no longer considered
fashionable by the label
In 1935 Rainey
returned to her hometown, Columbus, Georgia, where she ran two theaters,
"The Lyric" and "The Airdrome" until her death from a heart attack in 1939. She was inducted into the
Blues Foundation's Hall of Fame in 1983, and
the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990.
Ma Rainey died in Rome, Georgia
in 1939.