An Old Interview about Edward I

Clearing up my hard-drive, I discovered an interview that I did for Waterstone's back in 2008 for the promotion of A Great and Terrible King. As far I as remember it was never used, and is certainly not available any more, so I've decided to post it here.

What inspired you to undertake a biography of Edward I?

I have studied the Middle Ages since I was an undergraduate, and the thirteenth century – i.e. Edward’s century – was the focus for my postgraduate studies. During these years I was particularly inspired by the teaching and writing of Rees Davies, a historian who had pioneered the notion that the period could only be understood by examining the British Isles as a whole, rather than simply the national histories of England, Wales, Ireland and Scotland. Because of his aggressive policy towards the Welsh and Scots, Edward I provided a great way of examining the momentous changes that occurred in Britain during the Middle Ages. It’s no exaggeration to say that his is an epic story, but in recent years no one had told it as such.

What were your most valuable primary sources? Did you uncover any new evidence during your research?

Well, in this period it’s either chronicles or government records. But both are far more voluminous than most non-medievalists can imagine. My most valuable resource has been the National Archives in Kew, which is a short cycle from where I live in London. The Archives are home to thousands of original parchment rolls generated by Edward’s government (fortunately, the most important ones are also in print). Because of the quantities involved, it’s very rare (though not impossible – see below) to make new discoveries based on a single new find. Most of my innovations have arisen from the simple expedient of putting this great mass of evidence in the correct chronological order. I have, for example, proposed a new date for the giant Round Table, made by Edward, that now hangs in Winchester Great Hall.

Is it possible to describe Edward as the ‘greatest’ of English medieval kings?

It is, but then ‘greatness’ is a pretty subjective measure, isn’t it? When the BBC, for example, asked the British people to put its greatest sons and daughters in rank order in 2002, the actor Michael Crawford did better than Queen Victoria, and the Enoch Powell – generally regarded as an odious racist – achieved a very respectable 55th place. Edward’s contemporaries certainly wrote about him as the greatest king that had ever been, outshining all of his predecessors. But their praise was predicated on certain royal actions that we would now regard with horror, such as the expulsion of the Jews in 1290. That said, there are certain empirical measures that are hard to contradict: the biggest armies raised in England during the Middle Ages; the largest taxes, the largest parliaments, and the most legislation. Slice him however you like, Edward was in most respects superlative.

What was his most remarkable achievement?

Bearing in mind the above comments – i.e. I’m not saying it was a good thing – the conquest of Wales. The sheer size of the resources that Edward was able to mobilize, and the single-minded determination with which he set about the task – both were remarkable. And, of course, the castles that he built to cement his victory.

When did Edward first become known as ‘Longshanks’? Was it a contemporary sobriquet?

The first references come at the end of his reign, in chronicles and songs. I’ve seen two. So yes it was contemporary, but it’s impossible to say how widely it was used. Edward was massively tall – his corpse, exhumed in 1774, measured 6 foot 2 inches, and that was presumably after some shrinkage – so it clearly struck people as his defining characteristic. In later centuries he was sometimes called Edward the Long.

To what extent was Edward responsible for the unprecedented slaughter of rebellious nobility at the Battle of Evesham? Is there any evidence to suggest that he ordered his men to ‘murder’ Simon de Montfort on the battlefield?

The answers are ‘entirely’ and ‘yes’. Evesham had long been recognized as an unusually bloody encounter – in this era, the nobility spared and ransomed each other, and killing was strictly taboo. One contemporary writer, aghast at the amount of blood spilt, described it as ‘the murder of Evesham’. Edward’s personal role in instigating the slaughter only became clear about ten years ago, when a new account of the battle was discovered on the reverse of a roll in the College of Arms. Evidently written by a well-informed eye-witness, this amazing find added the fact that, before the two sides engaged, Edward hand-picked a death squad to hunt down Montfort and kill him.

How deep was Edward’s commitment to the crusading cause? Was it the militaristic equivalent of his father’s devotion to the cult of Edward the Confessor?

Well, he actually went on crusade, which is more than any other English king did, with the obvious exception of his great uncle, Richard the Lionheart. You don’t save up for years on end, sacrificing all other concerns and ignoring pleas to remain at home, then trek from one end of Europe to the other, risking your life with numerous sea voyages, and suffering manifold privations, unless you’re pretty committed. What hasn’t really been stressed enough in the past, however, is the extent to which Edward continued to be committed to the crusade for the rest of his reign. He firmly intended to go again, at the head of a much greater host, and spent most of the 1280s making preparations to do so. The only reason these plans collapsed was the unexpected outbreak of a war with France in 1294. As for the second part of the question, Edward’s devotion to the crusade was far less odd than his father’s devotion to the Confessor – recovering Jerusalem was the highest ideal of his age. His father’s attachment to a long-dead Anglo-Saxon saint was by contrast quite quirky.

Was Edward’s queen, Eleanor of Castile, as politically active as his mother, Eleanor of Provence?

No. Eleanor of Provence is a fascinating character, and the subject of a wonderful recent biography. She acquired a political role, and hence attracted more contemporary comment, because of Henry III’s weakness, which allowed factions to develop within his own family. Edward, on the other hand, was one of the most masterful kings England has ever known, and there were no similar divisions at his court. Hence his wife (and, for that matter, his younger brother) are less easy to characterize, because they supported him at all times, and their personalities were overshadowed by his.

Who would you consider to be Edward’s most formidable military opponent?

It’s either Baybars, the Egyptian sultan whom Edward faced when he was in the Holy Land, or Philip IV, king of France, with whom Edward went to war in 1294. Both were considerably more powerful.

Why did Edward embark upon such a monumental campaign of castle-building in Wales? Would you agree that it was the ‘most coordinated and impressive…in medieval history’?

Edward considered that he had solved the problem of Wales in 1277. When, therefore, the Welsh subsequently rebelled in 1282, he determined on outright conquest. The new castles at Caernarfon, Conwy and Harlech were necessary to hold the newly conquered territory. They were certainly the most impressive chain of fortresses erected in Britain in the Middle Ages, and probably in Europe too, though no doubt someone will tell me otherwise. Whether they were unnecessarily large is a moot point. They did the job as intended, in that the Welsh never recovered their independence. And although the cost was considerable, totalling about £100,000, that was not much less than the cost of a war, which the castles ensured would not have to be repeated.

What would you describe as Edward’s most serious lapse of judgment? Did he ever face the real threat of a rebellion in England?

His most serious lapse of judgement did not concern England at all, but Scotland. Edward’s mistake was to assume that he could treat Scotland like Wales. When his plans for a marriage alliance with the Scots collapsed in 1290, Edward browbeat the Scots into admitting his superior lordship, ignoring their claims to be an independent kingdom. The trouble this ultimately caused him – viz. ceaseless war from 1294 – almost led to a tax revolt in England. In the summer of 1297, the king’s opponents were holding armed assemblies, and the earl of Hereford’s men were going about saying he was against the king’s peace.

If you had to give one reason for Edward’s failure to conquer Scotland, what would it be?

Regnal solidarity. There were, of course, myriad reasons why Scotland proved too much for Edward: it was bigger than Wales, more distant from England, and the king himself was becoming older. But the bottom line is that, whereas Wales was politically divided, Scotland had a strong sense of itself as a united kingdom. Scottish nationalism was given a massive boost by Edward’s attempt at conquest, but it also had a long history of existence before that time.

Which of Edward’s castles do you admire the most?

Caernarfon is the grandest but can sometimes leave me rather cold – there’s little sense of Edward’s personality there, because it was never finished. Conwy, for that reason, is probably my personal favourite of the Welsh castles. Finished in just four years, and with the king’s chambers still intact, it imparts, to my mind, a strong sense of the man behind it.

If you had to recommend two other books on Edward that everyone should read, what would it be?

I’m going to cheat, because I have to mention the two previous biographies by Prestwich and Powicke. But for more recent writing that deals with interesting aspects of Edward’s reign, I’d say Expulsion by Richard Huscroft, and The First English Empire by Rees Davies.

What are you working on at the moment?

Rediscovering the bits of my brain that haven’t been completely conquered by Edward I.

Imperial Overstretch? King Æthelstan and the Conquest of the North

The terrible attack on their community by ‘heathen men’ in 793 must have long haunted the monks of Lindisfarne, and left them feeling vulnerable and unsettled. At some point in the first half of the ninth century, with viking activity increasing everywhere, they abandoned the island that St Aidan had selected for them two centuries earlier and moved to the mainland, bringing with them the bones of their most celebrated and powerful predecessor, St Cuthbert. For a time they resided on the banks of the Tweed at Norham, but in the mid-870s, as Northumbria was being carved up by Scandinavian warlords, they set off again, apparently wandering from place to place for seven years. Eventually, around 883, they settled at Chester-le-Street, an old Roman fort about sixty miles to the south, situated on the River Wear. They were still there half a century later, when they were visited by King Æthelstan.

The year was 934, and Æthelstan was leading an army from Wessex through Northumbria in order to fight the Scots. He decided to pause at Chester-le-Street to venerate the remains of St Cuthbert, and to shower the monks with gifts. These were described in a charter issued by the king at the time of his visit and copied into a history of the community composed a century or so later. They included many items of richly embroidered fabric: ecclesiastical vestments, altar coverings, curtains, tapestries, and ‘a royal headdress woven with gold’. There were also numerous other treasures worked from or decorated with both gold and silver: cups, candlesticks, armlets, bells, drinking horns, and a cross ‘finished with gold and ivory’. Æthelstan in addition gave the monks an extensive royal estate on the south bank of the Wear, and also several books: three ornate sets of gospels, a missal, and ‘a life of St Cuthbert written in verse and prose’.

Remarkably, some parts of this generous donation have survived. Six decades after the king’s visit, and more than a century after their arrival at Chester-le-Street, the monks decided to move again, and relocated seven miles further south, establishing a new church in a loop of the Wear which became Durham Cathedral. The shrine that was constructed in the cathedral for Cuthbert’s body after the Norman Conquest was destroyed during the Reformation, but his coffin was secreted in a wall space and survived. When it was rediscovered and opened in 1827, it was found to contain not only the saint’s complete skeleton, but fragments of the elaborately carved wooden casket in which he had originally been buried, his gold pectoral cross (colour picture 7), and a gospel book written not long after his death. It also contained some scraps of the embroidered items donated by Æthelstan in 934 – probably the stole and the maniple mentioned in the king’s charter (colour picture 19). All these items are now on display in the cathedral’s treasury.

No less miraculously, one of the books donated by Æthelstan is still with us. Many items from the cathedral’s library were dispersed during the sixteenth century, including the Lindisfarne Gospels, which ultimately ended up in the British Library. In the case of Æthelstan’s books, we do not know what happened to the missal, and two of the three gospel books are also unaccounted for. The third survived until the eighteenth century, but perished in the fire of 1731 that also consumed Asser’s Life of Alfred and singed the pages of Beowulf. But the volume donated by the king that contained a life of St Cuthbert is still in existence, having found its way to Corpus Christi College in Cambridge. It is a copy of the two lives of Cuthbert written by Bede, and has at the beginning a full-page picture of the saint being presented with the book by Æthelstan himself (colour picture 18). It is the earliest manuscript image of an English king.

This image, and the royal visit that inspired it, tell us several important things about Æthelstan. In the first place, he was notably pious. ‘The most pious King Æthelstan’ is how he was described on the first page of the gospel book that was destroyed by fire in 1731. The scale of his donation indicates that he was also abundantly rich: a ruler who could afford to reward his favourite subjects with almost embarrassing quantities of precious artefacts, as well as land and money. And, as his pronounced wealth implies, he was extremely powerful – arguably the most powerful of all the English kings before the Norman Conquest. Æthelstan was in Northumbria in 934 not as a foreign visitor but as its self-appointed ruler, having forcibly annexed the formerly independent kingdom seven years earlier. The army he was leading against the Scots was composed of men drawn from every region in southern Britain – not only English warriors from Wessex and Mercia, but also Danes who had settled in the eastern parts of the island, and Britons from the west. As the ruler of all these regions, Æthelstan has good claim to be considered the first king of England (although the word ‘England’ had yet to be invented) and even grander titles were touted at his court, where he was sometimes styled ‘king of all Britain’.

According to the same chronicle that preserved his charter, before Æthelstan continued on his expedition against the Scots, he gave instructions that ‘if anything sinister should befall him’, his body was to be returned to Chester-le-Street for burial near St Cuthbert, who would be able to present him before God on the Day of Judgement. As it turned out, this precaution proved unnecessary: the king’s campaign was a success, and he returned south to reign for a further five years. When he eventually died in 939, he was buried in Malmesbury, an ancient monastery in Wessex, founded in the late seventh century. The abbey church, now the parish church, still contains a tomb chest built for his remains in the late Middle Ages, topped with a life-sized effigy of its sometime royal occupant. But Æthelstan was less fortunate in death than Cuthbert, and during the Reformation his remains were destroyed. All we have now is a description of his body, written in the early twelfth century by William of Malmesbury, one of the greatest English historians. William was a monk at Malmesbury and had evidently seen inside the king’s tomb. He describes Æthelstan as being slim, ‘not beyond what is becoming in stature’, and having blond hair, ‘beautifully mingled with gold threads’.

It is thanks to William that we know more about Æthelstan than most other tenth-century English kings, whose lives are on the whole very poorly chronicled. Writing his Deeds of the Kings of the English, William interrupts his section on Æthelstan to explain how he had recently discovered ‘a certain obviously ancient volume’ that contained an earlier account of the king’s career, and goes on to incorporate some of this new material into his own narrative. Doubts have been raised in recent years about the authenticity of this information, chiefly because the sections that William appears to present as verbatim quotes can be shown on stylistic grounds to have been composed in his own day, rather than at some point in the more distant past. But this apparent obstacle is not insuperable, since William himself tells us that the original text in his ‘ancient volume’ was written in such a florid, bombastic style that he felt compelled to rewrite it using simpler and more comprehensible language. In addition, some of the information William reproduces from his lost source is so mundane in its detail that it seems unlikely to have been whimsically invented. Most modern historians are therefore prepared to admit this material as evidence, though perhaps with the caveat that it might not be wholly reliable.

The most famous anecdote that William of Malmesbury relates from his ancient book sits on the cusp of plausible history and convenient legend. As a child, we are told, Æthelstan was good-looking and graceful, and these qualities endeared him to his grandfather, King Alfred, who publicly acknowledged the boy’s suitability as a future ruler by investing him at a young age. Æthelstan, who could have been no more than six, was given a scarlet cloak, a jewelled belt, and a Saxon sword with a golden scabbard. Since his accession, which eventually happened twenty-five years after Alfred’s death, proved to be a very contentious affair, stories of him having been pre-approved by his illustrious grandfather might rightly be viewed with suspicion. But the tale draws some support from a poem dedicated to Æthelstan as a child that expresses similar sentiments, and from the fact that Alfred himself, at a comparable age, had been blessed and invested by the pope in a similar ceremony. Perhaps, then, the old king had indeed publicly bestowed honours on his grandson as his own reign drew to a close. The pity was he had not done more to quell the family feud among the generation immediately below him, which erupted in the days after his death.

The Anglo-Saxons: A History of the Beginnings of England, pp. 247-51.

The Last Days of King John

King John died on this day in 1216. Here's my account of his final days, taken from my recent book. 

[For context: John was at this point engaged in a desperate war against his own barons, and their ally, Louis, the son of the king of France, who had invaded England earlier in the year.]

Precisely what John's next move would have been is uncertain. The rebels who had been pursuing him had given up the chase after his flight from Cambridge and gone to join Louis, who was still besieging Dover. Although the king was heading south, he appears to have been planning a northern campaign. On 9 October he left Lincolnshire and went to King's Lynn in Norfolk, then one of the most prosperous ports in England, to arrange for supplies to be sent to several of his northern castles.

At that point, however, John fell ill. Ralph of Coggeshall claims it was dysentery, and assumed it was caused by an excessive intake of food and drink; Roger of Wendover famously but unreliably describes a dish of peaches and new cider. More likely a body racked by exhaustion was to blame: for the previous four weeks the forty-nine-old king had been travelling at a relentless pace, often riding more than thirty miles in the space of a single day.

Two days after arriving at King's Lynn, despite his illness, he set out again, heading back in the direction of Lincolnshire. Still in a hurry, he decided to save time by taking a short-cut across the great tidal estuary of the Wash, at the point where the River Wellstream merged with the sea. Disaster struck when parts of his baggage train, both men and packhorses, were sucked down into the treacherous sands. According to Coggeshall, the king lost all the precious items of his chapel, including his collection of holy relics. He may even have lost his crown and other regalia, since they do not figure in later royal inventories.

Wracked with grief on account of this loss, John struggled to Swineshead Priory in Lincolnshire, then after two more days pushed on to the bishop of Lincoln's castle at Sleaford. There he was met by messengers from Dover with even worse news. Louis had undermined and partially collapsed the castle's main entrance. Hubert de Burgh and his men had prevented the French army storming the breach, but they could not hold out for much longer. A truce had been agreed to allow the defenders to seek the king's help, or else his permission to surrender.

This news, says Coggeshall, caused John such distress that it brought on the return of his illness. An attempt to alleviate his condition by bleeding him seems to have made no difference, and on 15 October he wrote to the pope, describing how he was suffering from 'a grave and incurable infirmity'. The pope in question was not the formidable Innocent III, whose pontificate had done so much to shape the king's reign. Innocent had died on 16 July, to be replaced by Honorius III. John now addressed the new pontiff 'on bended knee', and committed his kingdom to the Church's protection, without which he could see no hope of saving the succession for his heirs.

Having composed this letter, the king continued with his desperate journey. Too ill to ride, he was carried in a litter from Sleaford a further twenty miles west to Newark, another castle confiscated from the bishop of Lincoln. It was probably there that he dictated his last will and testament, the original copy of which still survives. John began by assigning the administration of his affairs to thirteen of his faithful servants, including William Marshal, Ranulf of Chester, Peter des Roches and the papal legate, Guala. These men were to make amends to the Church for the damages and injuries he had inflicted, and to arrange for aid to be sent to the Holy Land. They were to help his sons obtain and defend their inheritance, and to ensure that his other faithful servants were rewarded. Lastly, they were to distribute money to religious houses and to the poor for the salvation of the his soul.

Had the imminent prospect of death and the danger to his soul brought any repentance? Eight days earlier, after the first onset of his illness at King's Lynn, John had given permission to Margaret, wife of Walter de Lacy, to found a religious house in Herefordshire in memory of her father, William de Briouze, her mother Matilda and her brother William.

On the night of 18 October, a great gale howled through the town of Newark, with such intensity that the citizens feared that their houses would be destroyed. The abbot of Croxton must have been grateful to be safe within the walls of the castle. He had been summoned to the king's bedside because of his medical expertise, but by this point his patient was beyond saving. Instead he heard the dying man's confession, and administered the last rites.

Taken from King John: Treachery, Tyranny and the Road to Magna Carta, pp. 282-4

Castle Acre and the Warennes

Castle Acre, a wonderful little village in Norfolk, offers the most amazing three-for-one deal. A really splendid Norman fortress, so impressive in scale that it could command attention all by itself. A gorgeous priory, the best preserved example of its kind in England. And, as if these two were not enough, there’s also a medieval town there too, still discernible from the layout of its streets, its earth ramparts and a well-preserved stone gate. As the new interpretative displays and audio tour of the priory explain, it’s one of the best locations in Britain for seeing how the forces of violence, religion and commerce combined in the Middle Ages to shape the landscape that we see today.

We owe this concentration of quality sites to a family by the name of Warenne, so called because they originally hailed from a town called Varenne in Normandy. Like so many men of those parts, the Warennes backed the winning horse in 1066. ‘My ancestors came with William the Bastard and conquered their lands with the sword’, said one of the their number some two centuries later, brandishing an ancient, rusty blade to prove his point. It was a exclamation born of frustration with the interference of royal government, but such conflict with the Crown was exceptionally rare. The story of the Warennes is, in fact, proof positive that the way to get ahead in medieval England was to swing a strong right arm in the service of the king.

The founder of the family’s fortune, and therefore putative owner of the rusty sword, was William de Warenne. One of the Conqueror’s closest companions, he was at the front of the queue when the spoils were being dished out. Extensive lands in Sussex were given to him when he was barely off the boat, and he set about organizing them around the town and castle of Lewes. Other prizes soon followed. By the time Domesday Book was compiled in 1086 William was the fourth richest individual after the king himself, and owned estates in more than a dozen English counties. The overwhelming bulk of them were concentrated in East Anglia, and centred on what would become known as Castle Acre.

Castles were, of course, one of the most striking innovations that the Normans introduced to the English countryside, and the earliest examples tended to be built to a common-or-garden design. A great mound of earth raised the lord’s residence high above its surroundings, and a larger, lower enclosure accommodated his household and their horses. Such castles, as every schoolgirl knows, we now call ‘motte-and-baileys’.

At first glance, the structure created by William de Warenne at Castle Acre would seem to be a prime example of this type. Initial appearances, however, can be deceptive. Archaeological investigation has revealed that, whilst the bailey probably dates to William’s time, there was originally no motte at all. William had instead settled for a much shallower, lightly defended enclosure, in the middle of which he built a rather luxurious stone house (the foundations of which can still be seen). It was only his later descendants, living through the uncertainty of a civil war, who decided that a large mound of earth would be a good idea after all. Castle Acre, therefore, presents a uniquely peculiar case, a motte-and-bailey without a motte. Curiously, and by contrast, William’s other castle at Lewes has not one motte but two. One cannot help wondering if part of his intention was to frustrate castle historians of the future.

Unconventional he may have been when it came to building castles, but in all other respects William was a textbook Norman Conqueror, a warrior who carved out an empire for himself and ran it with ruthless efficiency. Such men wanted not only glory but profit – hence, in part, the need for a town at Castle Acre. They also needed to atone for a lifetime of maiming and killing. In the 1080s William set off on pilgrimage to Rome, but in the event got no further than Burgundy and the great abbey of Cluny. Suitably inspired, he returned to England and founded two priories of his own, one at Lewes, the other at Acre. As the earlier of the two, Lewes had the greater claim on the Warenne’s loyalties. When William died in 1088 – killed, appropriately, by an arrow-wound sustained during a siege – he was buried there, as were all his later descendants. But Lewes Priory suffered severely in later centuries, not least from having a railway driven through its precinct. Castle Acre Priory, by contrast, is a wonderfully well-preserved ruin, located in as serene a setting as could be imagined. Visit on a fine day, and you’ll almost wish they were still looking for new monks.

Shortly before his death, William de Warenne was created earl of Surrey – a rare distinction, and a final confirmation of his highly successful career. It was a success replicated by his descendants who, over the next three centuries, emulated his model of dynamic lordship and service to the Crown to maintain their place at the top of society. But in the fourteenth century, the story came to an abrupt end. John de Warenne, seventh earl of Surrey, was by no means incompetent either as a soldier or as a politician, but his personal life was a disaster. His marriage, forced on him by Edward I, was doomed from the start: he was not quite twenty, his new wife not quite ten. But, since she was the king’s granddaughter, the match proved hard to dissolve, and successive popes refused to grant a divorce. The earl’s case was not helped by his notorious way with the ladies: he had at least two mistresses, and later confessed to having had an affair with his wife’s aunt, a decidedly loose-living nun. Earl John ended his days living with a certain Isabella Holland, referred to in his will as ‘my companion’. Through these various liaisons he had at least six children, but none by his wife. Thus, when he died in 1347, his vast estate passed by law to his legitimate but distant relatives. Castle Acre, where generations of his family had kept company with kings, fell quickly into ruin. And so passed the Warennes, one of the greatest dynasties in medieval England, their fortune won with the sword, but lost through lust and love.

This article is published in Kings and Castles

King John's Treasure Found in the Wash

Alas, no. It is 800 years since John lost his treasure. It's also April 1.

Framlingham Castle and the Bigods

If you want to imagine yourself in the guise of a medieval warrior – and, let’s face it, who doesn’t – there are few better places to visit than Framlingham Castle in Suffolk. Approach as if to attack, and you are confronted with one of the most impressive and impregnable-looking fortresses in England: a mighty ring of stone walls, thirteen metres high, surrounded by a broad, deep ditch. Twelve surviving towers stand taller still, and are amply supplied with arrow-loops. Make no mistake about it: this is a fantastically tough old building, designed in expectation of trouble.

To say that this is a veritable and venerable fortress, however, is to tell only a small part of its story. Inside those giant walls, the only structure that stands today is a seventeenth-century poorhouse. Now home to the local museum, it’s a building well worth visiting in its own right, with a harrowing history that recently reduced the normally flinty Jeremy Paxman to tears. Medievalists, meanwhile, lament the fact that it was ever built at all, for its stones were salvaged from the castle’s original interior. As a result, the casual observer now has a highly distorted view of Framlingham; one which reinforces the traditional misapprehension that castles were all about fighting, battlements and boiling oil. The reality was, of course, very different.

Framlingham was established by the Bigods, a family who came to England with William the Conqueror in 1066 and quickly established themselves as the most powerful barons in East Anglia – a position officially acknowledged in the middle of the twelfth century when they were invested as earls of Norfolk. A cursory glance at the history of these men suggest that they liked nothing better than a scrap with England’s kings. Earl Hugh Bigod (d. 1177), for instance, unsuccessfully challenged Henry II, with the result that the original Framlingham Castle, a conventional earth-and-timber structure, was torn down by royal command in 1174. The present castle was built by Hugh’s son and successor, Roger (d. 1221), to proclaim that the Bigods were back in business – and ready to challenge King John, who laid siege to the castle in 1216. But in actual fact, the Bigods, like most medieval magnates, almost always worked in partnership with the Crown. Framlingham was hardly ever used as a fortress (even the so-called ‘siege’ of 1216 lasted less than 48 hours). It was, on the contrary, a place where power was expressed in a very different way – through benign local lordship, conspicuous consumption and luxurious living.

Ironically, a fantastic snapshot of ordinary, everyday life at Framlingham has been preserved because of the desperate, extraordinary decision taken by the last of the Bigod line. In 1297, at the end of a long but fairly unremarkable career, Earl Roger IV led a movement of popular resistance against the indomitable Edward I, whose government was widely deemed to have become unjust and oppressive. Although he met with considerable success, the earl was bankrupted by this stand, and so ended up having to cut a deal with the king. In return for an annuity for the rest of his life, Roger agreed to make Edward his heir. Accordingly, when the earl died a few years later, his vast estate in England, Wales and Ireland – Framlingham Castle included – passed to the Crown. And so too did all his estate accounts, some 650 neatly written rolls of parchment, which survive to this day in the National Archives at Kew. It is these documents which permit a unique glimpse into the earl’s private affairs, and a window through which we can look at life inside Framlingham Castle.

Roger himself was only occasionally in residence. Medieval magnates, like modern rock stars, were forever on tour. Nevertheless, in the earl’s absence, the castle did not stand idle. It was from here that his officials oversaw the workings of the entire Bigod administration in East Anglia, and it was to here that money generated on other manors was sent to be kept in the treasury. Framlingham was also an agricultural centre in its own right: the account rolls reveal all manner of produce being farmed, ranging from the expected (dairy, poultry, sheep and cattle) to the surprising (regular wages and robes were given to the earl’s vintner for tending his vineyards). Periodically there were visits from members of the earl’s own household: his knights came to hunt venison or to track falcons in the adjacent park; his accountants to check every bushel and barrel, even as they themselves consumed large quantities of fancy foodstuffs.

When the earl himself was due to arrive, the administration went into overdrive. Roger typically travelled with around fifty people in tow, and the castle had to be brought rapidly up to speed to cater for this entourage. Produce and provender poured in from the outlying manors. Deer were driven from the park, beer was brewed and bread baked. At Easter 1286 it was even necessary to bring in extra crockery from Tattingstone, some twenty miles away. Equally as important, the buildings in the castle had to be cleaned, repaired and, where necessary, rebuilt. The full extent of the castle’s vanished interior stands revealed in the rolls. We read of service buildings, such as the saucery, larder and kitchen, and accommodation, including the chambers of the earl, his steward, his knights and his servants.

The most important building of all was the castle’s hall. It was here that the earl and his household were wined, dined and entertained. Originally located on the eastern side of the courtyard, the hall was moved to face west when the castle was rebuilt around the year 1200, and this move reflects a corresponding shift in the Bigods’ domestic priorities. To the west of the castle, the ground falls away until it reaches a great lake or mere. This itself was a man-made feature, a piece of medieval landscaping. Of course, it could have helped to defend the castle, but its primary purpose was to provide dramatic effect. From afar, the castle’s appearance is greatly enhanced by its own reflection. From within, the views to the west are spectacular, which explains the relocation of the hall. The mere also provides the backdrop to the so-called Lower Court, a levelled area directly below the hall, almost certainly created as a private enclosure for the earl and his family. Whether in the hall or the garden, the Bigods and their guests could watch the sun setting across the water as they dined and relaxed.

Such was the normal life at Framlingham during its thirteenth-century heyday. It was not a place that the Bigods used to confront their kings, but rather to welcome them. In 1256 Roger’s predecessor threw open his doors to Henry III, and Roger himself played host to Edward I in 1277 (sadly, a year for which no accounts exist). The earl died a peaceful death at Framlingham in 1306 and, under the terms of his agreement with Edward, his dynasty drew to an close. It seems only fitting, on the seven-hundredth anniversary of the family’s eclipse, that we remember their main castle as it really was. Mount the walls at Framlingham and exercise your imagination, but bear in mind that the sight of an advancing army would have been almost as surprising for the Bigods as it would be for us today. Picture instead a ‘landscape of lordship’: men fishing in the mere and felling trees, knights hunting in the park; carpenters and masons, glaziers and gardeners, all seeking to beautify the castle and its surroundings; carts creaking across the drawbridge, laden with building materials, fine foods and bags of money. A peaceful panorama, but a busy one, animated by the news that the earl was riding towards Framlingham, eagerly anticipating the comforts and pleasures to be had within.

Taken from Kings and Castles

Anglo Saxon Moustaches

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is the most important historical source for events in England between the fifth century and the mid-twelfth century. It survives in nine different versions and runs to several hundred pages in modern English translation. But it contains only one reference to a moustache.

In 1055 the city of Hereford, far in the west of England on the border with Wales, was attacked by the Welsh. Many citizens were killed, many other were taken away as slaves, and the city’s cathedral was plundered, and robbed of its valuables and holy relics.

In response, the defence of the Welsh border was reorganized by Harold Godwineson, earl of Wessex, the most powerful man in England, who would famously become king in 1066 and perish at Hastings later that same year. Harold had a new defensive earthwork built around Hereford and led counter-raids into Wales.

Harold also installed a pugnacious new bishop. The old bishop of Hereford, Athelstan, died on 10 February 1056, perhaps as a result of the stress of the previous year’s attack. In his place Harold appointed one of his own household chaplains, a man named Leofgar. He was clearly a very secular sort of cleric. Churchmen were supposed to be clean-shaven, but the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle noted that Leofgar

'wore his moustaches [kenepas] during his priesthood until he became a bishop. After his consecration he forsook his chrism and cross, his spiritual weapons, and seized his spear and sword, and, thus armed, joined the levies against Gruffudd [ap Llywelyn, the Welsh king]: and there he was slain with all his priests who were with him, together with Ælfnoth the Sheriff, and many good men with them, while the rest escaped. This took place eight days before midsummer.’