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The first President George Washington with his wife Martha
and her grandchildren with a servant (possibly William Lee), 1796.
Martha Washington uses her fan to point to the main street,
now Pennsylvania Avenue, on the map of the District of Columbia.
Engraving by Edward Savage, 1798, after his 1796 painting.
Image: Library of Congress. |
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First Floor Plan of the White House indicating the location of the Green Room.
(The adjacent oval room is known as the Blue Room and the largest room is the East Room).
Image: Wikipedia. |
This is the second of a series about the decoration of the Green Room of the White House. The first essay presented the 2007 refurbishment undertaken with the leadership of First Lady Laura Bush and may be viewed
here. Some background on the history of the room is helpful in understanding the whole topic of interior design in the White House, so bear with me for an abbreviated survey.
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The First Floor Plan of the White House, drawn by architect Benjamin Latrobe,
indicating how Thomas Jefferson used the rooms in 1803.
Image: Library of Congress. |
Architect James Hoban intended this room, 22'-6" x 28'-3" with a ceiling height of 18', as the "Common Dining Room" (meaning everyday). The first occupants, John and Abagail
Adams lived there only a short time (because the capital was in Philadelphia before Washington became the official federal city), although the February, 1801 inventory lists it as the "Lodging Room". The White House's second occupant, Thomas
Jefferson, used it as his dining room and we know that it was furnished with chintz curtains and a painted green floor cloth. James and Dolley
Madison used it as a sitting room and James
Monroe used it as a card room.
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The White House after the 1814 fire as seen in an aquatint by William Strickland.
Image: Library of Congress. |
The bold door and window trim with ornately carved corner blocks came from the Monroe redecoration of the State Rooms after the August 24, 1814, British burning of the White House as did the white marble chimneypieces ordered from Italy. Although some sources say that the Monroes were the first to refer to the Green Room by that name, others say that it was not until John Quincy
Adams presidency that it became universally known as the Green Room because of the fabrics used. (As a consequence of Monroe's purchase of mostly imported French furniture, Congress inacted legislation that required furniture bought for the White House with public funds must be of domestic origin. Adams commissioned local cabinetmakers, including M. Bouvier, great-grandfather of future First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, to create quality furniture for the White House).
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The First Floor Plan of the White House, drawn by Alexander Jackson Davis
in 1834 during the Presidency of Andrew Jackson.
The plan is intentially flipped, with apologies, to give the same orientation
throughout the essay.
Image from DREAM HOUSE, THE WHITE HOUSE AS AN AMERICAN HOME. |
Andrew
Jackson was the first president to undertake a full interior decoration of the White House, partially necessitated by the throngs that attended the 1829 inagural reception, all supplied by Philadelphia furnisher Louis Vernon. Because of its location adjacent to the East Room, the Green Room was used as a reception room. It was at this time that advances in lighting and chemical dyes that allowed the rooms to be more colorful and brighter than ever before. (Jackson also installed running water). In the North especially, there was a mid-19th century movement that regarded Greco-Roman classicism as un-Christian and completely adverse to American values, but the White House remained white (at least on the exterior) and the interiors restrained.
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President Andrew Jackson by Ralph E.W. Earl, 1836.
Image: White House Historical Association |
There was little variation to the Jackson scheme by the Van Burens, Harrisons (who lived in the White House only a month until the President died of pneumonia), and Tylers regardless of the needs caused by wear. But despite criticism that he and his wife lived regally, which some contribute to his loss of the 1840 election,
Van Buren did provide a new suite of all-upholstered furniture for the Green Room that was known as
confortables, utilizing coiled steel springs and heavy padding for comfort.
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First Lady Sarah Polk in a lithograph by Nathaniel Currier,
after an 1846 daguerrotype by John Plumbe, Jr.
Mrs. Polk is credited as being the first woman in charge of
White House decoration, relying on ready-made goods
from major east-coast cities.
Image: Library of Congress. |
With the 1845 occupancy of James K. and Sarah
Polk, a luxurious elegance came to the White House interiors with the help of Washington art collector W.W. Corcoran. Although no images exist, we know the Green Room had green curtains and upholstery, with a ruby red carpet with a design of eagles and stars. (The Devoted Classicist has a special interest in the Polks, so you will be reading more about them in future posts).
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The Green Room in the 1850s during the Pierce occupancy.
Image: White House Museum Organization. |
In addition to new bathrooms and heating introduced to the White House with the help of architect Thomas U.Walter, Franklin and Jane
Pierce replaced the classical chimneypieces in the Green Room (along with the Red, Blue, and East Rooms) with Roco style white marble chimneypieces with arched openings fitted with coal grates. Painted decorations in a large scale French design was added to the ceilings of the all the State Rooms. New wallpaper with a green design against a white background and a coordinating fitted carpet completed the new decor for the Green Room, reflected in a large gilt overmantel mirror supplied by L.R. Menger of New York.
The 1860 visit by Edward, Prince of Wales, who was the first member of the British royal family to be received by a President, prompted a renewal of fabrics and carpets for the bachelor President James
Buchanan, overseen by his niece, Harriet Lane.
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This view of the Green Room is identified as being from the Lincoln era
by the Lincoln White House Community. |
The over-spending of the White House decorating budget by Mary Todd
Lincoln is well-documented, with the State Rooms getting French wallpapers, lace curtains, furniture, and new carpets from William Carryl in Philadelphia and A.T. Stewart in New York. (Stewart's is considered the first department store in America). After the 1862 death of Willie Lincoln from Typhoid Fever, his open casket was placed in the Green Room; according to accounts of the time, Mrs. Lincoln never entered the room again.
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The North Front of the White House, as it appeared about 1865.
The bronze sculpture of Thomas Jefferson, now in the Capitol,
was one of the few statues ever on display in the garden.
Photo: New York Public Library. |
Following Lincoln's assasination in 1865, the White House interiors of Andrew
Johnson had been tattered by souvenir hunters taking pieces of curtain trimming, upholstery fabric and carpeting. The Johnson's daughter, Martha Patterson, undertook the redoration of the State Parlors with Neo-Grec wallpaper and Pompeian-red banding and black & gold borders, thanks to appropriations that totalled more than $135,000 by the end of his term in 1869.
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The wall decoration from the Johnson era remained in this view
of the Green Room photographed, 1875-80, during the Grant presidency.
The 1859 ebony suite by Gottlieb Vollmer & Company,
Philadelphia, is still in place.
Photo: New York Public Library. |
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This view of the Green Room by Mathew Brady is undated,
but may be a photograph from the Grant era.
It is documented that slipcovers were used by the Johnsons,
however, because of the tatered upholstered fabric.
Photo: Library of Congress. |
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The Green Room with an enormous portrait of General Grant
on horseback leaning against the wall.
Photo: White House Historical Association. |
President
Grant was not interested in interior aesthetics despite that America was poised to enter the Gilded Age at the time of his 1865 inauguration. (He did oversee the extensive landscape improvements of the grounds, however). Julia Grant essentially left the Green Room as she found it (although she changed the Blue Room and the East Room). Neither Lucy
Hayes nor Lucretia
Garfield had the opportunity to make many changes in White House decor. But the Garfields did have the Washington furnishers W.B. Moses & Sons supply the Green Room with ready-made Aesthetic style upholstered furniture and curtains in the same fabric; the 1850s gasolier and over-mantle mirror remained.
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The Garfield Green Room, 1800-85.
Photo: New York Public Library. |
Chester
Arthur was widowed and one of the few presidents to have significant input for the White House decor. As a New Yorker who was familiar with the Gilded Age mansions, Arthur brought in Louis Comfort Tiffany, sometimes considered the first professional American decorator. Tiffany's work in the White House in 1882 provided entirely custom, luxurious interiors, not purchased from a department store. But Tiffany did not change the Green Room although some Tiffany pieces eventually made their way into the room.
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The Arthur Green Room, circa 1885, keeping the Garfield decoration in tact
in a photo lithograph showing the colors typical of the period.
Image: Library of Congress. |
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The First Floor Plan after the McKim, Mead & White renovation of 1902.
Additional doorways were cut through from the oval Blue Room
to both the Green Room and Red Room for circulation during events.
Rather than hinged concealed doors on the Blue Room side,
there are removable panels that are usually left in storage today. |
While Caroline
Harrison dreamed of having the White House refurbished in the Colonial Revival style and Mrs.
McKinley made do with a few additions of the prevailing trend, it was not until 1902, following McKinley's assassination and Theodore Roosevelt's swearing in, that First Lady Edith
Roosevelt brought in Charles McKim to renovate the White House. Continuing with the themes of intellectual classicism that met with such great success in the White City of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, early American architecture was presented with new appreciation. Many architectural elements were discarded instead of restored, however, and the immediate response to this renovation was negative. Eventually, the McKim, Mead & White interpretation of Colonial Revival, more an eclectic Beaux Arts approach than the more academic Georgian and Federal Revivals that would follow, became appreciated as the White House became more dignified, if somewhat chaste.
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The Theodore Roosevelt Green Room, circa 1903.
Photo: Library of Congress. |
Typical of the taste of Stanford White, the walls and curtains of the Green Room were of the same green velvet, said to be copied from a Genoese fragment. White neo-classical furniture from A.H. Davenport & Company, Boston, was upholstered in a tapestry fabric that coordinated with the modern rug on the new parquet wood floor. One of the Monroe-era marble chimneypieces from the State Dining Room was installed (with the other going to the Red Room). And a new crystal chandelier that was a stylistic reinterpretation rather than a reproduction provided electric light. The marble center table dates from Mrs. Tyler in the 1840s. The Viennese fire screen had been presented to Grant after the 1876 Centennial Exposition.
Neither Helen
Taft nor Edith
Wilson made any dramatic changes in the State Rooms, but Edith Wilson was the first to have American porcelain dinnerware, Lenox China, made in Trenton, New Jersey. In 1909, President William Howard
Taft began plans to increase the size of the White House by 80%, adding the Oval Office and other spaces designed by Nathan C. Wyeth to further allow the State Rooms to be used for ceremonial functions.
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This photo of the Green Room during the Hoover era shows
the scheme developed by Crace Cooldige and her team.
Photo: cornellcollege.edu. |
Although department store reproductions were more prevalent than antiques during the White House years of Grace
Coolidge, the historic quality of the State Rooms was appreciated. Mrs. Coolidge assembled the first (although short-lived) advisory committee to solicit gifts of antiques and art for the White House. With the assistance of Ulysses S. Grant, 3rd, (President Grant's grandson) to act as mediator with the committee, Grace Coolidge redecorated the Green Room, upholstering the walls in green silk brocade with curtains of the same fabric to coordinate with the custom made rug from Tiffany Studios featuring the Great Seal of the United States. The seating furniture was in yellow brocade. Louise "Lou"
Hoover focused her attention on modernizing the private quarters, but she is credited with creating some of the first attempts at period settings in the State Rooms.
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The Hoover Green Room kept the Coolidge decoration.
Photo: National Archives and Records Administration. |
Eleanor and Franklin D.
Roosevelt spent nothing on the State Room interiors during the decades of economic depression and war. The installation of ductwork for central air-conditioning was one of the many alterations that led to problems, however.
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The interior of the White House during the 1949-52 rebuilding.
Photo: Library of Congress. |
After years of assorted and miscellaneous renovations, the White House was in poor structural condition by the time of President Harry S.
Truman. A rebuilding of the White House began in 1949 and continued to 1952 with most of the house stripped down to the stone walls.
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The Green Room during the Truman administration
renovation as seen on May 21, 1951.
Photo: Harry S. Truman Library & Museum |
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The Truman Green Room in 1946.
Photo: Library of Congress. |
The Green Room was the only State Room to be refurbished before the renovation. The fabric was a bright reinterpretation of an 18th century damask selected by Charles T. Haight, chief decorator for the New York department store, B. Altman & Company. After the renovation, the same selection was used again.
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The Truman Green Room in 1952.
Photo: Abbie Rowe, Truman Library. |
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The Eisenhower Green Room in 1960.
First Lady Mamie Eisenhower, right, with her sister and two nieces.
Photo: Eisenhower Presidential Library. |
Dwight and Mamie Eisenhower made no significant changes to the State Rooms of the Truman White House. In 1956, a longtime friend of the Eisenhowers, Margaret Thompson Biddle, donated her collection of European gilded silver to the White House, leading to the creation of the Vermeil Room in the basement level. (Coincidently, Mrs. Biddle's villa on the Riviera was decorated by Stephane Boudin who would later redecorate the Vermeil Room during the Kennedy era). In 1960, the basement oval room, a secondary reception room, was redecorated through a collaboration of the National Society of Interior Designers and Mrs. Eisenhower, furnished with donated Federal period antiques. But the White House was treated foremost as a residence and it was secondary that it was a historic building. It was not until the next First Lady that the White House was considered also as a museum.
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The Eisenhower Green Room in January, 1961,
just prior to the Kennedy inaguaration.
Photo (reversed): Life Magazine. |
The next post of The Devoted Classicist will present the Green Room decoration by the team led by Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy, who set a standard by which White House interior design is still measured today.
More about the White House as a residence and how it compares to other architecturally significant homes can be found in an interesting book written by acquaintances Ulysses G. Dietz and Sam Watters, DREAM HOUSE: THE WHITE HOUSE AS AN AMERICAN HOME. It is available for purchase at a discount here.
